Using the correct model rail wire is essential in making the wiring of model railroads easier and cheaper. But which is the most suitable type of wire size to use?

This guide aims to provide an overview of the best wire for model railways in addition to covering the O gauge wiring gauges and 00 gauges wire types needed to build safe and robust electrics on model train layouts.

Wire Sizes for Model Train Layouts

In addition to the wire itself, switches, sockets, connectors and heat shrink tubing may be required to accomplish the final result. Be sure to consider this when budgeting for your model train layout materials as these tend to mount up over time, particularly on larger layouts.

Summary of bus and dropper wire sizes

Individual types and gauges of wire behave differently when being shaped, bent and soldered. Choosing the wrong wire gauge can make simple wiring tasks more difficult and problematic than they need to be.

Be sure to get a good quality wire stripper that allows for easy removal of the outer insulating tubing - this can become a laborious task on larger layouts or if you're doing a lot of wiring.

Perhaps the greatest problem often encountered when wiring a model railroad layout is the use of the wrong wire size. This can create electrical issues around the layout meaning insufficient current being passed through the track to your model trains. This can lead to erratic running, juddering or stalling of locomotives. See our guide on why model trains run slow for more information for existing layouts.

Therefore, choosing the correct wire size for your model railroad electrics is a key part of building the best train layout possible - it also makes the build process cheaper and easier resulting in a more reliable and trouble-free experience.

Bus wiring sizes for model railroad track

In terms of bus wiring there's three sizes that are recommended depending on the overall size of the model train layout that you're building.

• 1.29mm diameter – 18 gauge
  For small layouts 8'' x 4'' and below.
• 1.62mm diameter – 16 gauge
  For medium-sized layouts up to 12'' x 16''
• 2.5mm diameter – 14 gauge
  For large layouts above 12'' x 16''

Best wire for track feeders and dropper wires

Track feeders and dropper wires should only be a few inches in length, so smaller gauges are more than adequate here. 0.64mm diameter (23 gauge) should be ideal.

The advantage of using smaller gauge wiring for the track feeders and droppers is that it's a lot easier to work with during model rail soldering.

Solid vs Stranded Wire for Model Railroads

There's often large discussion among the model train community around whether solid or stranded wire is better for model railroad electrics. Some modellers champion stranded wire, claiming that it's easier to work with and more tolerant to being bent around tight corners, such as those commonly found on most baseboards. Others argue that solid wire is easier to solder, particularly to rails.

Solid core is best for straight wire runs, whereas stranded is better for wire that needs to bend, twist or frequently move.

A good rule for model railroad electric design is that if you've got a fairly straight wire run that won't move then solid core is best. However, for any wire runs that will be bent, twisted or frequently moving then stranded wire is best.

The reason behind this is that stranded wire is more flexible, allowing it to be more easily bent or manipulated from straight. Solid core wire is generally more likely to break under these conditions.

Solid is usually cheaper to purchase, however if your budget allows it can be well worth using stranded wire for all wire runs - this will significantly reduce the chance of breakage, given the increased flexibility.

What Color Wire to Use for Model Railroad Wiring

Many beginner railroad modellers often ask whether they should use a specific colored wire when wiring their model train layout.

Simply put, you can use any colored wire that you want.

The color of the outer insulation on the wire has no bearing on the electrical or physical characteristics of the conductive metal inside.

However, it's wise to always use consistent colors for similar types of wiring within the layout. For example, you may choose to use brown wire for DC wiring and red wires for DCC bus wiring. For more information on DC and DCC, see our guide to DC vs DCC model trains.

It's also advisable to always label the start and end of all the cable runs that you have on your model railroad. This will greatly aid in diagnosing any electrical problems that may be encountered in the future and will help to avoid wasting time trying to identify wire runs on the layout.

Model Train Wire Size Summary

Wiring model train layouts using the correct O gauge wiring gauges and 00 gauges wire types is an important part of designing and building model train electrics.

It's important to choose the correct model rail wire size when creating a layout or connecting wire for model railways as part of the build process.

0.64mm (23 gauge) wire is ideal for track feeders and dropper wires due to the small length of these wire runs.

The recommended wire sizes for the bus wiring can be summarized as follows:

• Small layouts (8'' x 4'' and below) use 1.29mm diameter – 18 gauge.
• Medium-sized layouts (up to 12'' x 16'') use 1.62mm diameter – 16 gauge.
• Large layouts (12'' x 16'' and above) use 2.5mm diameter – 14 gauge.

There are two main choices for model railroad wire construction. Solid core wire is better for straight wire runs and stranded wire is best for any wires that need to bend, twist or will frequently move.

It doesn't matter which color wire you use for wiring a model train layout. However, it's advisable to use different colors for specific groups depending on the function of that particular wire. For example, you may use brown wire for DC connections and red wire for DDC bus wiring. Being consistent with this will help to quickly diagnose any wiring or connection issues that you may have further down the line.

Polystyrene and Styrofoam expanded foam sheets are one of the best options for building model scenery landscapes, shaping hills and constructing inclines.

Before we take a look at the Polystyrene glue best suited to model scenery applications it's helpful to consider the specific material being used. There's often some confusion from beginners within the modelling community around these materials, so it's worth taking a moment to clarify the exact material we're referring to.

Polystyrene, Styrofoam and EPS explained

Polystyrene, Styrofoam and Expanded Polystyrene are terms that are often confused.

We'll be referring to Polystyrene expanded foam in this guide.

In this guide, and more specifically within the context of model railroad scenery, wargame landscapes, dioramas and more general scenery modelling, we'll be referring to Polystyrene expanded foam. This is sometimes referenced as Expanded Polystyrene or EPS.

EPS is usually white in color and is commonly used in packaging where it's used to protect consumer goods - anything from cell phones to freezers. It's ideal for this purpose due to having fantastic durability, shock absorbency and impact resistance. EPS is also extremely light, so it adds very little additional weight to a package.

Styrofoam is a light blue material usually used in construction to provide building insulation boards for walls, roofs, foundations and pipework. It's often mistakenly used as an all-encompassing term for extruded Polystyrene foam. But, it's actually a trademarked brand name for a specific product manufactured by DuPont.

Glues NOT to use on Polystyrene and Styrofoam sheets

Before we consider the best glue to use on Polystyrene and Styrofoam it's important to take a moment to detail a few types of glue that you should definitely NOT use.

There are two main types of glue that shouldn't be used on Polystyrene or Styrofoam:

• Hot-melt adhesive
  This includes the hot-glue varieties that are administered via a glue gun. These glues will simply melt the Polystyrene or Styrofoam sheets due to the heat used to apply them.
• Fast-acting adhesive
  These are usually known as cyanoacrylates and are a family of adhesives that contain most instant glues, power glues or superglues. They contain chemicals that enable the glue to dry extremely quickly, however this causes these glues to melt Polystyrene and Styrofoam sheets.

Essentially, any of the hot glues or instant glues should be avoided as they will either melt or damage the foam boards you are using for model scenery.

Best glue for Polystyrene and Styrofoam sheets

Many scenery modellers often try different types of glue when applying adhesive to their Polystyrene and Styrofoam boards. However, it's important to choose a suitable glue for this purpose to ensure that the quality of your model scenery is the best that it can be.

For model scenery applications a Universal PVA Bond Adhesive is the best glue to use for fixing Polystyrene foam and Styrofoam boards to each other or to wooden baseboards.

The advantage of using this Polystyrene glue is that it's easy to apply, cost effective, and sets in a strong manner providing a secure bond between the sheets of Polystyrene or Styrofoam.

This glue is also easy to work with as any overflow or spillages can be easily cleaned up without worrying about a super-fast drying time or damage to your other scenery.

Whilst other adhesives also form a strong bond between Polystyrene sheets they can be difficult to work with in that they produce a very strong barrier that's difficult to cut through and work with later. This often makes them unsuitable for model scenery applications.

A good Polystyrene glue can also be used for many other areas of model scenery on your train set, wargaming board or diorama. These include laying sections of track, ballasting points, fixing scenery and modelling water, so it's a good all-round model scenery glue that will see plenty of use.

For additional specific product information see the Best glue for Polystyrene and Styrofoam in model scenery.

Summary of Polystyrene and Styrofoam glue

The best glue to use on Polystyrene or Styrofoam sheets is a Universal PVA Bond Glue due to its ease of application, strength and versatility.

It's an adhesive that's ideal for landscape modelling - specifically for building up scenery layers and hills - making it extremely versatile and cost-effective.

This glue is ideally suited to building model scenery on either a model railroad, wargaming board or diorama and is most suited to fixing Polystyrene foam and Styrofoam boards to each other or to wooden baseboards.

Using a quality Polystyrene glue is one of the easiest ways in which to create visually striking model landscapes that are long lasting and durable.

For additional tips and techniques be sure to refer to our guides to model railroad scenery building which feature many helpful pointers as well as scenarios in which Polystyrene and Styrofoam sheets can be used to build model scenery.

The Hogwarts Express has become an iconic steam train in recent times, thanks to the huge popularity of the Harry Potter movie franchise.

Fans of the movies will instantly recognize the red locomotive and will be wondering what model train the Hogwarts Express represents.

In this article we'll take a look at the origins of the Hogwarts Express train, the features of the locomotive and the best scale models of this train available for your model railroad layout.

What model train is the Hogwarts Express?

The history of the Hogwarts Express is an interesting one and its origins are closely tied to the Great Western Railway which primarily connected London to South West England and Wales.

The steam locomotive featured in the Harry Potter movies is 5972 Olton Hall - a GWR 4900 'Hall' Class locomotive built in 1937.

Despite bearing the name 'Hogwarts Castle' in the movies, the locomotive is not in fact a member of the more powerful GWR 4073 'Castle' Class.

It started off its working life based at Carmarthen shed in Wales where it worked a variety of passenger and freight traffic. Subsequently, it was moved to a number of other GWR depots in South West England, Wales and the Midlands. The locomotive was withdrawn from service by British Railways in 1963. It wasn't until 1998 that Olton Hall steamed again as a result of an extensive overhaul and restoration.

The locomotive was named 'Hogwarts Castle' for the filming of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, released in 2001. It was also used for the subsequent movies in the franchise.

It's now owned by West Coast Railways and is currently on static display in the UK at the Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter.

It's finished in the Hogwarts Express red livery, which was specifically created for the films and is inauthentic to what it would have carried when in service for GWR and British Railways.

As a result of the popularity of the Hogwarts Express, there are now a number of model trains that have been created as replicas to the full size version.

Let's take a look and compare the best models.

Best Hogwarts Express train set

There are a few options when choosing the best Harry Potter train set. The most popular Hogwarts Express model train is the Harry Potter train set from Hornby.

This set is considered one of the best all-rounders as it caters for a wide range of age groups, has good build quality and can be easily expanded in the future, if desired.

Most popular Harry Potter train sets

Hornby Harry Potter Train Set

A great all-round Hogwarts Express model train set.

More Info ->

One of the most recommended Hogwarts Express train sets is the Hornby Harry Potter Set, which is a good all-rounder that's suitable for beginners and provides a great experience for Harry Potter fans and model train enthusiasts alike.

This train set includes the locomotive, two carriages, track and everything needed to get started.

You can also expand this set with the addition of extra accessories, including the Hogsmeade buildings, which allow you to create a more immersive model train experience.

Another advantage of this set is that, being OO scale, it's also compatible with any existing HO scale locomotives and rolling stock that you may have.

This Harry Potter set also features in our guide to the best Christmas tree train sets and looks great running around the base of the tree during the festive season.

It's certainly one of the best options for a Hogwarts Express electric train set and one that any Harry Potter fan should consider adding to their model train collection or as a beginners set.

You can purchase it here.

An alternative to the Hornby set we've looked at above is the Lionel Hogwarts Express Ready-to-Play set.

Lionel Hogwarts Ready-to-Play Set

A good alternative Harry Potter train set.

More Info ->

This set is built in a proprietary variant of G gauge - a larger scale than the Hornby set - and includes the locomotive, tender, two coach cars and track to get you started.

It's one of the least expensive Hogwarts Express train sets available, so if you have a limited budget it's a good starter set. However, it's not compatible with standard G gauge products so there are limited options for expandability in the future.

This set is perhaps more suited to going around the base of a Christmas tree due to its larger scale and more simplistic styling. It certainly looks right at home as part of festive season decorations.

As noted earlier, the disadvantage of this set is that it's not compatible with other G gauge track systems, meaning you can't expand the layout with track pieces that you already own.

So, for most people the Hornby set is the recommended Hogwarts Express model train unless you are wanting a train set to run around the base of the tree at Christmas.

Lego Hogwarts Express trains

Lego train sets featuring the Hogwarts Express are also a great option and are sure to appeal to a wide range of model train fans.

As with most Lego products these Harry Potter train sets feature the same exemplary build quality and will last for many years.

Lego Hogwarts Express - Collectors Edition

High quality Lego set for Harry Potter fans and model train collectors.

More Info ->

The Hogwarts Express - Collectors Edition is a fantastic train set for any Harry Potter fan or model train collector.

With this set you're able to build a replica 1:32 scale model of the Hogwarts Express in detail with the locomotive, coal tender and passenger car all featured.

This set is extremely satisfying to build and makes an excellent display piece due to its quality and exceptional level of detail.

It also includes a set of 20 collectible mini figures that you can use to recreate scenes from the Harry Potter movies.

Whilst this train set may seem expensive at first, Lego Collectors Edition train sets have been known to increase their value if they're kept in good condition. This set is highly desired by Harry Potter memorabilia collectors and model train enthusiasts.

Another option is the Hogwarts Express and Hogsmeade Station set.

Hogwarts Express & Hogsmeade Station

Good value Harry Potter Lego train set.

More Info ->

This set features a buildable locomotive, tender and 2 passenger cars in addition to the Hogsmeade station building.

Also included are 8 mini figures that complement the train and station layout.

Whilst the Hogwarts Express - Collectors Edition is the best option for most Harry Potter fans, lego collectors and model train enthusiasts this is a great alternative option for kids or beginners.

Summary of Hogwarts Express model trains

The locomotive depicted in the Harry Potter movies hauling the 'Hogwarts Express' is the GWR 4900 'Hall' Class locomotive 5972 Olton Hall.

This locomotive originally worked on a variety of passenger and freight traffic in Wales, South West England and the Midlands from 1948 - 1963.

It'll be familiar to any Harry Potter fan or rail enthusiast and features an iconic red livery created specifically for the movies.

There are a number of options to consider when choosing the best Hogwarts Express train set.

The Hornby Harry Potter Set is the recommended Hogwarts Express train set for most people. It features a high quality locomotive, passenger cars and everything needed to get started quickly. It's also easy to expand the set with additional track and collectable buildings which all contribute to the immersive experience on offer.

If you're looking for a Lego Harry Potter set then the Hogwarts Express - Collectors Edition is the best option. It's a truly unique offering that makes a fantastic display piece that's perfect for any model train collector or Harry Potter fan.

If you're looking to expand your Harry Potter model train collection then be sure to check out our train set guides for the latest releases as well as our beginner guides to model trains if you're just getting started in the hobby.

When painting model scenery we're always looking to achieve a realistic and quality finish to our models, miniatures and buildings.

One of the techniques that can be used to achieve this is dry brushing.

But what does dry brushing involve, how easy is it, and what's the best drybrush technique to use for realistic model scenery?

In this guide we'll answer these questions and cover some key tips and methods that are essential for adding realism to models and miniatures on a model scenery layout.

What is dry brushing?

Dry brushing is a technique in scale model painting that's used to bring out detail in textures and raised surface areas on a model or miniature that would otherwise be lost using normal painting methods.

Using dry brushing will allow increased levels of realism to be obtained on models through the application of additional surface depth that's used to add character and weathering effects to scenery elements.

Simply put, dry brushing is achieved using a short flat brush with a minimal amount of paint that's applied carefully to raised sections of a model. Layers are gradually built up using multiple passes to obtain a quality finish.

Let's take a look at this method in greater detail.

What is the best brush for dry brushing miniatures?

A brush with short flat bristles is the best choice for dry brushing miniatures and models.

Either soft or stiff bristles can be used depending on the technique or the finish desired.

• Soft bristles are best for areas of subtle shading.
• Stiff bristles are more suited to enhancing highlights.

It's not necessary to choose high quality paint brushes for drybrushing techniques. Any paint brush brand is acceptable, providing the brushes used do not lose their bristles easily.

How to dry brush miniatures

There are three steps that you'll need to carry out in order to drybrush miniatures and models effectively and to ensure the best finish is obtained.

The best dry brushing technique for models is the 'Mix, Soak, Apply' method.

Let's take a look.

1) Mix the paint

The first step is to mix up the paint to get the required color. Try to use a consistency that's slightly thinner than would be used for more conventional painting techniques. This helps to ensure it's applied more easily.

2) Soak the brush

Dip your brush into the paint and ensure all the bristles are well soaked. Then remove as much of the paint as possible by wiping the brush on a textured surface or a paper towel.

Take care not to leave an excessive amount of paint on the brush.

Remember, you're aiming to apply the minimum amount of paint to the model to achieve the desired finish. It's always best to try painting on a test piece first (you can use something as simple as a spare bit of plastic for this) to make sure the brush is well covered with a thin layer of paint.

3) Apply the paint

Using a light pressure, gently draw the brush back and forth on the high spots of the model.

Repeat this process numerous times - the best finish is obtained when the paint is gradually built up over many passes.

It's important to use the correct direction when painting - this should be perpendicular to raised details and any edges.

You'll also need to be careful to prevent the paint drying on the brush. You might need to clean the brush multiple times during painting to ensure the paint stays fresh.

Following these steps will ensure that you get a high quality drybrush finish to your models and miniatures.

Can dry brushing be used to paint model railroad miniatures?

Drybrushing is a technique that's often overlooked when building a model train layout.

There are many areas that can benefit from the dry brushing techniques we've outlined in this guide.

Model railroad buildings can benefit from drybrushing, particularly on high detail parts such as brickwork. Vehicles and miniatures can be dry brushed as well - these all help to improve the overall quality of the detail and really complement the overall scenery effects that are contained within the layout.

For more information on how to improve the scenery on your model railroad be sure to check out our model scenery guides where we explain the best tips and techniques for achieving high quality finishes to scenery that complement your model trains.

The speed of model trains has always been an interesting topic in the model railroading community and is one of the many areas that modellers consider when designing and operating their trains.

How fast scale locomotives are able to be run is often a key factor for modellers looking to achieve high levels of realism, historical accuracy and interest in their model train layouts.

The speed of model trains is also an important consideration for hobbyists looking to recreate a specific time period or railroading era within their modelling when accurate and realistic speeds are necessary.

Let's take a look at the factors that affect how fast model trains can travel along track in addition to the records of the fastest model locomotives.

How fast do model trains go?

Most model trains can run between 1 - 150mph (1.6 - 241.4kph) depending on their type, brand, method of production, and how they're being operated. However, the maximum speed of most geared models is approximately 15mph (24.1kph).

Nearly all mass market model trains in production today will be designed to run at speeds lower than 15mph (24.1kph). This is the range in which they have been tested and allow the manufacturer to provide accurate data on reliability over a long time frame which allows them to offer longer guarantees and warranties to consumers.

If the average model train operating speed was set at a higher level there would be more risks for the modeller as well. With more speed comes a greater risk of causing damage to locomotives through derailment or increased wear to the components.

Prolonged high speeds are also a factor in shortening the life of a model train motor as greater strain is being placed upon the internal components and gearing.

For these reasons the maximum speed of model trains is kept below the 15mph (24.1kph) mark mentioned above.

There are also some specific scenarios that necessitate even slower speeds.

For example, when carrying out shunting operations in a yard, such as coupling locomotives to rolling stock, switching cars, changing tracks and using points, a much slower speed is required to prevent damage to your models. The recommended maximum speed is around 4mph (6.4kph) in these situations.

What is the fastest model train?

The fastest model train currently recorded managed to achieve a speed of 27.84mph (44.82kph). The 'Osaka Banpaku Tenjimokei Linear Motorcar' achieved the speed at the JAM Convention held in Tokyo, Japan in 2018.

Over the years there have been many other claims for the fastest model train worldwide, however none of these have been independently verified by a professional body. As a result, the authenticity of these speeds is often a matter of debate among the model train community.

As a general rule, when considering which model train is fastest it's usually best practice to only take into account records that have been officially verified by a recognized organization and have been undertaken in a controlled environment.

Why is my model train not running fast?

There are many factors that affect whether model trains are able to run at their full speeds.

The most common problems that cause slow running can often be attributed to insufficient cleaning or maintenance of the track or locomotive.

Ensure that your track is clean and that it's free from dust, lint and debris. This will allow the wheels of the trains to reliably conduct power from the rails. Further to this point, you should also regularly check locomotive wheels and contact points to ensure they are clean.

Refer to our article on the reasons for model trains slowing down for more guidance on how to ensure your scale locomotives run efficiently.

Summary of model train speeds

Most model trains are able to run somewhere between 1 - 150mph (1.6 - 241.4kph). This is dependant on many factors including the manufacturer, type of model, production method, and how they're being operated - in addition to the overall condition of the track and layout.

The majority of geared model trains currently in production can achieve a top speed of approximately 15mph (24.1kph). However, most experienced railroad modellers consider this to be an absolute maximum and generally run their trains at slower speeds.

This is due to the increased risk of derailments and potential to cause damage to model locomotives and rolling stock when running them at greater speeds.

The current world record for the fastest model train is the 'Osaka Banpaku Tenjimokei Linear Motorcar' which attained a speed of 27.84mph (44.82kph) in Tokyo, Japan in 2018.

If you're looking for a fast train set and would like to know where to begin we would recommend taking a look at our guide to the best train sets. It's frequently updated with the best options for different model railroading speed categories.

Taking the decision to sell your model trains or large collection of model railroad equipment can sometimes be a difficult choice, with the number of sale methods available for your trains sometimes being overwhelming.

When it comes to selling your model trains you'll want to choose the option that best suits your particular needs, in addition to achieving the best return possible.

No matter if you're looking to sell a Hornby train set or that of another manufacturer, we've got the specialist advice you'll need to complete the sale.

Whatever your reason for selling, we've carefully crafted this online guide about how to sell model trains so that we can help you navigate the selling process and achieve the maximum return.

How to sell model trains

Before starting the selling process you'll want to think about the most important factors that are going to influence your decision on how to sell your model trains.

We've put together a list of the most important areas to consider, allowing you to make an informed decision on the best place to sell your train set, and to attain the optimum price.

Consider what's important

The very first thing that you should do when looking to sell a model train or Hornby train set is to determine what you're actually looking to get out of the sale in the first place. What are the most important areas that you'll take into account when choosing the best place to sell your model train?

Let's summarize some of the factors that many sellers consider the most important:

1. Attaining a good price
   Usually, in order to obtain the best price for your Hornby train set you'll need to put in a substantial amount of effort into the sale, or pay an auction house to do it for you. A satisfactory result can also take a lot of time to materialize, so you'll need to be patient.
2. Effort required
   The level of time and effort that you're able (and willing) to give can be a significant deciding factor in selling your model trains. High effort methods usually deliver the best price.
3. Speed of payment
   The speed at which you need the money from the sale will influence the amount you receive. Quicker payment options generally offer the least competitive returns.

Research before selling

Before you even think about the process of how to sell model trains, you'll want to take a step back and consider what it is you're actually selling.

This point cannot be emphasized enough.

It's perhaps the main factor that limits the amount of money that you'll receive from selling your trains. If you don't know what you've got, how can you achieve an accurate and realistic sale price?

Before deciding on the most suitable place to sell your model railroad equipment, it's important to have some level of understanding about the items you possess, and their potential value.

Start by taking note of the manufacturer and the model number. In addition, look for the scale of the model. This information will usually be stamped somewhere on the bottom of the locomotive. If you still have any of the outer packaging or box, it'll be included on there somewhere too.

Now you can search online sources or use specialist model railroad catalogues to get an approximate idea of the value, in addition to what similar items have sold for in the past.

Doing this simple form of research before putting your items up for sale will allow you to price them accurately, which will ultimately pay dividends when you come to sell your model trains.

It's also a good idea to check out our guide to the most valuable Hornby train sets to get an approximate idea as to what your train set is worth and gather some tips on what you can do to make your model train more saleable.

Best place to sell model trains

There are many potential options when choosing the best place to sell model trains, with each having advantages and disadvantages.

It's important to select the option that's most closely aligned to your requirements.

Auction websites

Well-known auction websites, such as eBay, are often a good way of getting a high level of exposure to potential buyers due to the sheer number of users on these platforms.

Most people tend to either love or hate auction websites. This often depends on your past experiences and how much work you put into a sale. To get the most out of them you need to put in a fair amount of effort in order to achieve a desirable result.

Rare items tend to do quite well, but more common ones often perform quite averagely when there's lots of competition.

Auction sites require you to do most of the work - setting the price, reserve, taking pictures, writing an accurate description, answering queries from potential bidders etc.

Once a sale completes you'll also have to package your model train securely and post it to the buyer.

On completion of the auction you might end up getting a good price, or you might not. It's a method that can be quite 'hit or miss' depending on the item that you're selling. Rare items tend to do quite well, but more common ones often perform quite averagely when there's lots of competition.

There's also the fees to consider. Sites such as eBay take a cut of the sale price. Depending on what your item sells for, this could be fairly significant. Always check the fees that'll be applied to the final purchase price before you list the item.

If you do choose to sell your Hornby train set via an auction website it's important to always be accurate in your listing information. It'll give you the best chance of a smooth transaction and buyers will appreciate it.

Take good photographs (at least four). Ensure any faults, as well as other points pertaining to the condition, are clearly and accurately listed. Mention the type of motor that the model train has, along with its condition.

With auction websites there's, of course, no guarantee that your item will reach the maximum potential price. Sometimes your model train will generate a lot of interest, and two or more users will enter into a 'bidding war', pushing up the price. Other times, valuable items fail to attract much interest and sell for far less than they're actually worth.

If there's an absolute minimum price that you would accept be sure to set a reserve price. This will avoid you having to sell your Hornby train set for a knockdown price if it fails to attract much interest.

Online auction websites can also be a fantastic research tool. As we mentioned earlier in this guide, you can use them to check what prices similar items are selling for. So, even if you don't want to use this method to sell your Hornby train set, you can still make use of these sites to get a rough idea of prices and market conditions.

Public auction houses

Another potential way that you can sell your model train or Hornby train set is through a public auction house.

This method is more specialized and is often geared towards rare and valuable items or complex sales.

Auction houses differ from online auction websites in that they do all of the work for you, in exchange for a substantial fee.

There are some auction houses who specialize in the sale of toy trains. They have access to a number of specialist collectors through their auctioneer contacts, so are able to offer access to people who are highly motivated to make a purchase.

They're also highly knowledgable with regard to market conditions, so are best placed to offer specialist advice, particularly in respect of valuations.

The disadvantage of using an auction house is the fees. Whilst they are highly knowledgable and professional, they charge a significant fee for their services. This will either be upfront before sale or as a percentage of the purchase price. This is usually anywhere from 15-30%, but will vary considerably by region.

This method is best if you've got a rare or antique model train and require specialist advice on the sale process, or want to make use of the auction house contacts to affect a sale.

Model stores and dealers

Using a model store or a dealer to sell your Hornby train set is one of the most convenient options available.

You can simply take your model train into the store, they'll appraise it and offer you a price. It's usually a quick process.

However, be aware that this convenience comes at a cost. You'll usually be getting an uncompetitive price.

Train set dealers and model stores will price items well below their market value (you'll be lucky to get 50% in a lot of cases), in order to factor in their profit margins, time taken for testing and cleaning, stocking fees, and any repairs or parts that may be required in order for them to sell the product.

Some may offer part exchange deals that give you money off a new train set if you're trading in an old one.

If you need a quick sale they can be a good option, just be aware that you wont be getting the best price.

Newspapers and model train magazines

Advertising in the written press - either local newspapers or national model train magazines - is also another possible option to sell your Hornby trains.

Model train magazines have the advantage of being targeted to the model railroad community, so you should get relevant leads - with many collectors, traders, dealers and enthusiasts reading these publications.

However, the disadvantage is that it's often very expensive to take out an advertisement in these magazines. You'll also have to potentially deal with time wasters and people trying to obtain your trains for a small percentage of their real value.

With newspapers it's often free to list adverts, however these will not be targeted (most of the readership will have little interest in model trains) and will usually perform poorly as a result.

Model train fairs and exhibitions

Rail fairs and exhibitions usually attract many like-minded hobbyists and collectors, as well as dealers who are looking purchase used model trains and rolling stock.

These events are often well supported, meaning you may get the sale that you're looking for.

Even if you don't go to one with the intention of selling your model trains, you're still able to network with similar people and collect valuable information on the latest prices of train sets and market conditions.

Model train forums

Another potential option is online model train forums. These feature a number of individual collectors and enthusiasts, often looking to make a purchase.

However, using this method is not as secure as using an online auction website, such as eBay, due to there being limited seller protections in place.

If using a model train forum to sell your Hornby train set always make sure that you set a price and stick to it. You may find that people tend to 'try it on' and lowball you with unrealistic offers.

The best ways to sell model trains

No matter the method that you choose, always do your research before selling.

First, research the item that you're looking to sell - get the manufacturer name, model number and scale of the model train. Use this to look at the market and to get an idea of the price it could fetch.

Online model train auctions are generally the best option for most people.

You'll also want to look into the various methods of selling model trains that we've covered in this guide. Do your research to determine the one that most closely matches your requirements.

Online model train auctions are generally the best option for most people. They have a fairly convenient selling experience and offer access to a high number of potential customers. Whilst they charge fees on the final purchase price, they are usually reasonable, and there are substantial seller protections in place.

If you're looking to save some money on seller fees, eBay sometimes do special promotions that reduce these fees. If you're not in a rush to sell it can be beneficial to wait for these to crop up. It can save you a substantial amount, particularly for higher value items.

For rare or antique items, or if you need specialist advice, it can be beneficial to choose an auction house to conduct the sale. Whilst these charge substantially higher fees, they are highly professional, carry out all the work for you and have access to some of the most specialist collectors and enthusiasts from their network of contacts.

This can be invaluable when selling high value items or those that necessitate a complex sale. Auction houses are also worth considering if you've tried to sell via an online auction website but have not been able to attract suitable bidders.

If you're still considering whether to sell your Hornby train set or are looking to prepare your model train in readiness for being sold, it will be beneficial to read our guide to the valuation of Hornby trains to get a rough idea on some of the things you can do to maximize your earnings, as well as other tips on how to sell Hornby trains effectively.

Model trains remain one of the most popular hobbies for people of all ages. Whether you've just picked up your first beginner train set or are a seasoned model train collector there's a range of models designed to suit your needs. But are model trains toys, are they considered scale models or are they something different entirely?

In this article we'll explore the scope of the hobby, as well as the factors that many modellers take into account when classifying train sets. We'll also take a look at the differences between toy trains and evaluate whether model trains are toys.

Are model trains toys?

The short answer is that some model trains are toys and some are not.

Starter train sets, including wooden trains, basic plastic railroads, and some beginner Hornby sets would be classed as toys. However, as you go up through the range of products and on to more advanced model locomotives they fall under the umbrella of scale models.

However, the detailed answer is somewhat more nuanced.

Categorizing model trains

Model trains encompass a wide range of products, from wooden toy trains all the way through to collectible model locomotives. With such a wide scope of target age ranges, it's simply not appropriate to categorize all model trains as toys.

Let's start at the beginning of the range. Here, we've got wooden train sets like the Lego Deluxe Railway Set, other kids plastic trains, as well as things such as the Thomas the Tank Engine toys.

These are aimed at children, they're often made of basic robust materials, such as wood and plastics, and they're functional rather than providing extreme levels of detail. Therefore, it's easy to classify these types of model trains as toys.

Conversely, at the other end of the scale you have things like specialist model locomotives such as the Hornby LNER Q6, in addition to cars, carriages, wagons and other types of model rolling stock.

These are very much targeted at scale modellers or more serious model train enthusiasts and focus on providing exceptional levels of detail, realism and production quality.

They are highly accurate scale models of the real full size locomotive. As such, they would definitely not be classed as toys.

Now, where things get more difficult is in the middle of the road. This includes the beginner starter train sets from Hornby, such as the Valley Drifter Train Set.

It can be quite hard to categorize these types of train set, as one could make an argument for classifying them as both toys and model trains.

On the one hand they are could be considered toys for the fact that they're often starter sets and are low cost and durable. On the other, they could also be categorized as model trains due to being scale models of real rolling stock.

It all comes down to the target market, intended use of the train, manufacturing methods, product features and price point to determine whether they're either model trains or toys (or perhaps both).

Summary of model trains vs toys

Toy trains and model trains are two differing representations of full size real world trains.

Toy trains are generally aimed at children and focus on providing a basic representation of the real full size locomotive. They use basic, durable materials and focus on function at a low cost rather than providing exceptional levels of detail or realism. They are considered toys.

Model trains are scale models rather than toys. They're marketed to scale modellers and more serious model train hobbyists and feature highly accurate liveries, small and detailed components, and provide exceptional realism. They often make use of complex manufacturing methods, so are more expensive to produce. Some model trains may even have additional features such as live steam and sounds. They are not considered toys.

While different, both these options have their place in representing the full size versions of trains. Wooden trains remain one of the most popular toys for babies and children, while a quality beginners train set is an ideal starter train for older kids.

For those becoming more interested in the world of model trains, searching for the best train set for adults is a good starting point that'll provide you a cost effective introduction to scale models without committing to purchasing expensive model locomotives.

So, you've finished building a model train layout or have just setup your first train set and are now excited to put some rolling stock on the tracks and run some trains. But how long do model trains last and for how long can you actually run them safely?

There's a few factors that we'll need to consider when looking at this, ranging from how they're stored, to maintenance and cleaning considerations. However, first let's start with an overall summary of how long model trains last.

Most model trains from the well known manufacturers are usually able to last for many generations providing the appropriate operating and maintenance procedures have been followed and they've been stored correctly when not in use.

In this guide we'll also take a look at the maximum time that you can run a model train continuously, as this is going to have an effect on the overall longevity of a model train.

How long can you run a model train?

Most model trains are able to be run continuously for up to 6 hours without experiencing any problems. However, some specialist or industrial train sets are often capable of running for days, weeks, or even months, without stopping.

It's important to note that this is only a general rule and the actual length of time that a model train is able to be run for is going to be dependent on a few factors:

Power and incline

The amount of power that a model train motor uses is going to have an effect on the length of time that it's able to be run for.

Increased power means more load on the motor and additional strain on the internal components and gearing. Also, be aware that for steeper track gradients this will cause more power to be used.

A by-product of these high loads is the production of heat. When operating model trains you should regularly check to see whether they're getting hot. If they are then it's usually a good idea to allow them to rest and cool down in order to prevent any permanent damage occurring.

Age of manufacture

Generally, the older a model train is the less time you're able to continuously run it. Older train set motors are often less efficient than modern standards, which results in a reduced maximum run time.

Modern production of model trains has brought significant advances in motor technology to the industry. This means motors with greater efficiency and reliability are now being produced, resulting in higher maximum run times.

To illustrate this point, you would have no problems (providing there weren't any underlying faults) continuously running a modern Bachmann or Hornby train for 6 hours continuously, but you wouldn't want (or even consider attempting) to run a 60 year old model locomotive for that length of time. The difference in technology is simply too great.

Maintenance and cleaning

Regular maintenance is an important factor in keeping a model train motor in a good condition, in addition to helping reliability and longevity.

If a train set has been maintained regularly this is likely to facilitate longer running times. Conversely, if a poor standard of maintenance has been followed it's going to mean reduced maximum run times.

It's also important to regularly clean your model trains to remove any dust or other particles that could lead to overheating when running the trains for extended periods.

History and past care

If you've purchased a used train set on a marketplace or auction website you'll likely have no guarantee that the previous owners have treated the model with the appropriate care and maintenance.

For this reason, it's advised to either reduce the maximum continuous run time on used locomotives or to get them thoroughly serviced before running.

This will help mitigate the potential issues associated with periods of lengthy running.

When deciding how long to run a model train the most important points to keep in mind are:

• Always follow the guidance from the manufacturer, including any instructions relating to maximum run times and speeds.
• Keep to the recommended maintenance schedule and get regular servicing, when required.

What happens if you run a model train too long?

If a model train is run continuously for too long then a greater level of strain will be placed on the internal motor components and drivetrain. This is likely to cause overheating.

Some modern model trains have small built-in heat sensors that will automatically cause the train to stop working if the operating temperature gets too hot. This is done to prevent damage to the motor.

For older model trains this feature is unlikely to be present, meaning you run the risk of causing long term motor damage if you run the train too long.

Therefore, it's always important to check the temperature of your rolling stock when operating trains on your layout so that the risk of causing any damage is mitigated.

Do model trains need to be run in?

You should run in model trains for 30-60 minutes, in both forward and backwards directions, at a moderate speed to ensure that the mechanism and gears are lubricated and operating correctly. This will increase the long term reliability of the motor and components.

'Running in' model trains is considered good practice and should always be undertaken whenever you first obtain a new locomotive.

It's also worth doing if you're attempting to run a model train that's been sitting in a box for an extended period of time - it'll need running in so that the mechanism can get up to speed and the components lubricated.

Most model railroad manufacturers recommend running in their trains for between 30 - 60 minutes in both directions.

Correctly running in your model train is an often overlooked step that's a key preventative maintenance step that will help to ensure long term reliability.

How do you maintain model trains?

Regular preventative maintenance is always the best way of minimizing problems with your model train layout.

It's important to clean model train wheels to promote smooth running. Ensure they're free from any dust, lint and grime.

Also remember to take care of your tracks. Clean model railroad track will allow your locomotives and rolling stock to efficiently and reliably pick up power from the rails.

Summary

With proper care and maintenance a model train should last for many generations, providing it's stored correctly.

The maximum time that a train set can be continuously run for is usually 6 hours. However, this is dependent on many factors, including the age of the motor, the method of manufacture, the steepness of the track gradient, and the length of the consist being pulled.

If you run a model train too long you run the risk of the internal components overheating causing the locomotive to lose power and stop. This will also increase the chance of more serious issues occurring in the future.

Always ensure that manufacturer guidance is followed and if your trains are getting too hot, you should give them a rest and allow them to cool down. How long model trains last will often be determined by this factor.

Check out our guides to model railroad cleaning and maintenance which will give you additional tips and tricks to help your model trains operate reliably.

If your model trains are suffering from inconsistent, slow or unreliable running - or simply won't start at all - then one of the problems could be a build up of dust or grime on the wheels.

Dirty wheels are one of the most common causes of running issues with train sets and is a problem that affects many railroaders and their model train layouts.

Fortunately, it's usually relatively simple to fix this issue and restore smooth running to your model railroad.

In this guide we'll cover the most effective methods that you can use to clean model train wheels.

What is the best way to clean model train wheels?

The most effective way to remove slight dirt build up is to apply some Isopropyl Alcohol to the model train wheels using a paper towel. This should pick up any minor pieces of dust or dirt fairly quickly.

However, for more substantial dirt and grime deposits - or if the locomotive hasn't been used or cleaned for an extended period of time - it's recommended to use a Märklin Trix Cleaning Brush to shift any stubborn dirt.

This device sits on top of the rails and you simply place the model train on top of it. Power is applied to the track and the current is drawn up to the locomotive, making the wheels turn. They then rub against the metal bushes at the top of the cleaning brush which dislodges any tough grime and dirt.

It's by far the most quick and effective way to clean model train wheels and is used by many modellers as part of their cleaning routine.

It's also works out to be more cost effective in the long run as you don't have to continually purchase large amounts of Isopropyl Alcohol to clean with.

The biggest advantage of using a cleaning brush is that it's a simple, effective and reliable way to clean wheels on model trains for a very reasonable outlay. It usually costs between $30-40 and will last for many years with little to no maintenance required.

It's one of the best cleaning methods available for your rolling stock and the competitive price point makes it a very good investment for ensuring smooth running and reducing the chance of reliability issues occurring.

You'll also want to avoid cleaning model train wheels with any type of wire wool as this will shed iron or steel fibers which could cause short circuit issues, or worse, if they find their way into locomotive components or magnets.

Alternative methods to clean model train wheels

It's also possible to use a track cleaning rubber on locomotive wheels. As the name suggests, this is primarily for use on model train tracks but can be used on wheels too.

Another method is to use some Track Magic cleaning fluid. Simply use the included applicator brush to apply some of the solution to the wheels of your rolling stock and then wipe clean with a lint free cloth.

Whilst these are perfectly viable alternative methods for cleaning model train wheels, the recommended simplest and most effective way is to use a track cleaning brush. Unlike the alternative methods, it's specifically designed for this purpose and will consistently give the best results on loco wheels.

Model train wheel cleaning summary

There are two popular options for cleaning model train wheels depending on the level of dirt and grime that has accumulated.

1. Isopropyl Alcohol - best for small dirt deposits and minor imperfections. Simply apply to the locomotive wheels using a paper towel.
2. Trix Cleaning Brush - ideal for more substantial dirt build up and caked on grime. It's the quickest and simplest method of removing dirt from model train wheels.

Regular cleaning of locomotive wheels is essential to ensure that your model trains run smoothly. Good maintenance plays a significant role in preventing ongoing reliability and running problems with your rolling stock.

In this guide we've covered the most effective methods for determining how to clean model train wheels. If you've still got an issue with your train set slowing down or running inconsistently after cleaning the wheels be sure to read our guide to the most common reasons model trains slow down for advice and potential solutions.

Refer to our other articles on model train maintenance for up to date advice and additional recommendations on the best cleaning methods for train sets and model locomotives.

When purchasing model rail equipment, whether it be a starter train set, specific locomotive, or individual piece of rolling stock, it's important to consider the best model train brands for your requirements.

It can be difficult to know which brand is the best at manufacturing quality model trains due to the sheer volume of models on the market. That's before even considering their individual specializations in addition to the compatibility and suitability of their products to your model train layout.

In this guide we'll cover which model train brand is best for a variety of these use cases.

Model train brands overview

There are a number of factors that influence whether a model train brand is a top choice. These include:

• Pricing
• Level of detail and quality of the models
• Product durability and reliability
• Stock levels and ease of purchase
• Availability on the secondhand market
• Accessibility for beginners
• Support and after-sales service

These are just some of the areas that'll have an effect on the popularity of a manufacturer and whether they can be considered among the best model train brands.

Whilst this guide covers the main model train brands globally, their popularity and the availability of their products will be different depending on which country you live in, as we'll discover below.

Which model train manufacturer is best?

The best model train brand is going to vary by region due to differences in the popularity of the various model train scales and their availability in these markets.

For example, in the UK the most popular model train scale is OO gauge, whereas in Europe and North America HO scale is more popular.

This'll have an impact on the best model train manufacturer for your region as they're going to specialize in different scales and will adjust their product ranges accordingly.

Top model train brands in the UK 🇬🇧

Hornby is the leading model train brand in the United Kingdom and has been the number one manufacturer for many years.

They specialize in producing OO gauge models - the most popular size of model train in the UK - as well as TT and N gauge models via the Hornby name or the various brands that fall under their umbrella.

Bachmann Europe comes in just behind Hornby in terms of popularity. They sell OO gauge and N gauge models under the Bachmann and Graham Farish brands respectively.

Their model trains are predominantly aimed at the enthusiast rather than the beginner, with their locomotives generally featuring excellent build quality and attention to detail, albeit at a slightly more expensive price point compared to the average Hornby model.

They also have a more comprehensive range of locomotives available, and have been known to release desirable limited editions from time to time, so they're certainly a model train brand worth considering for your layout.

In recent years other manufacturers such as Dapol and Oxford Rail have been making significant improvements to their model locomotives and rolling stock and are demonstrating great progress with regard to build quality and detailing.

Both these brands are now making model trains that are comparable to Hornby at competitive prices, which will surely appeal to a wide range of railway modellers.

When looking for the best train set it's always worth shopping around for a top deal and comparing offerings from alternative brands like these. If you're on the lookout for a particular locomotive you may find that they offer a comparable product to Hornby at a more competitive price.

Top model train brands in the USA 🇺🇸

There are many model train manufacturers that are popular in the United States. Unlike in the UK, a number of these manufacturers have a significant share of the model train market with no particular brand being a clear market leader.

Some of the leading US model train brands are:

• Athearn (HO, N scale)
• Atlas (O, HO, N scale)
• Bachmann (HO, N, G scale)
• Lionel (O scale)
• Walthers (N, HO scale)

Lionel is perhaps the most well known manufacturer from this list. Their winter trains and Polar Express range are extremely popular and they regularly feature in our guide to the best Christmas tree trains. However, they generally only produce O gauge trains and have only recently started branching out into other model train scales, such as HO.

They generally cater for the beginner and more casual model rail enthusiast whilst other brands, such as Athearn and Atlas, are more suited to intermediate or experienced modellers or those with as specific product in mind.

Which is better Bachmann vs Hornby?

Most model rail enthusiasts will be familiar with the names Bachmann and Hornby, with both of these brands having a rich history in the model train market.

Hornby is considered the best model train brand for beginners as they offer a wide range of products that are easily accessible and readily available.

They are generally more affordable than Bachmann and stock levels tend to be higher across more retailers. There's also a more plentiful supply of Hornby trains on the secondhand market, which is great for beginners looking to pick up a bargain.

On the other hand, Bachmann model trains tend to be ideal for intermediate to advanced modellers due to their more specific range of product offerings and their higher emphasis on realism and attention to detail on their models. They're also marginally more robust and reliable than Hornby trains.

However, in recent years both Bachmann and Hornby have significantly increased the quality of their products - with higher levels of detail being obtained in their model trains and rolling stock. For this reason you can't really go wrong with either of these brands when choosing a model train to purchase for your layout.

Whether you're a complete beginner or a modeller with years of experience in the hobby, either Bachmann or Hornby model trains are a solid choice.

Summary of the best model train brands

Hornby is widely regarded as the best model train brand in the UK due to their long history of manufacturing beginners train sets and model locomotives at affordable prices. They're great for people looking to get started with model railways.

Bachmann is the main alternative in the UK - their models tend to have slightly greater robustness and better reliability. They also produce N gauge models through their Graham Farish brand, which is good option for modellers looking to build layouts in a smaller scale.

Lionel, Bachmann, Atlas, and Walthers are the top model train brands in the USA as they offer a wide range of choice and their trains cater to a variety of skill levels. Their beginner train sets are a great way to get started.

Athearn are the best option if you're looking for model trains with the greatest level of detail, realism and production quality - whilst they can be expensive they are certainly worth considering as an addition to your model train collection.

If you're looking to get your first train set be sure to view our guide to the best train sets which will quickly and easily get you started in the world of model trains.

N scale and HO scale are two of the most popular model train scales and are generally the most common options available to model railroaders worldwide.

These gauges are popular standards for model trains in a number of countries across the globe, but which scale is the cheapest?

In this article we'll assess whether N scale is cheaper than HO and then consider some important factors when choosing one of these gauges for your next model train layout.

Is HO or N scale cheaper?

Both of these gauges are relatively inexpensive to get started with, however N scale is cheaper than HO scale over the long term due to the reduced cost of the locomotives and rolling stock.

N scale model trains cost less to purchase than their HO scale counterparts which will result in substantial savings over time when you're purchasing multiple trains, additional carriages, cars, wagons and other pieces of rolling stock.

For two identical locomotives in N scale and HO scale the N scale version will usually be cheaper.

However, it's important to consider that this only applies to purchasing the trains themselves.

When building the model train layout as a whole, comprising all the different components such as the baseboard, scenery, electrics, wiring and accessories, the difference in price between N scale and HO scale is likely to be negligible when all this is factored in.

Considering just the rolling stock and locomotives themselves, N scale is cheaper to purchase.

So, after evaluating these points, should you choose N scale or HO scale for your next layout? Let's take a look and decide which is the better choice.

Which is better HO scale or N scale?

Whilst N scale is cheaper than HO scale in the long run, is it actually the best option when choosing a model train scale?

According to the majority of model railroaders, HO scale is usually a better choice compared to N scale, particularly for beginners or inexperienced modellers, due to the ease of access and increased availability of locomotives and rolling stock.

There is substantially more choice with HO scale trains compared to N scale.

The HO scale ecosystem has been around for decades and is considerably more mature than N scale. There are simply more HO gauge trains available than N gauge, resulting in a much greater choice.

Other items such as track, buildings, figures and accessories are also more readily available in HO scale compared to N scale.

This also applies to the secondhand market as well. With HO gauge trains being more common on used marketplaces prices are usually much cheaper.

However, one of the main advantages of N scale is that it allows railroad modellers to build layouts that take up considerably less space than HO scale, or use longer runs of track in the same space, due to the smaller size of N gauge models (almost half the size) compared to HO gauge.

So if you're restricted on space or are simply looking to build a more compact model railroad layout then N scale will be the better choice.

DCC for N scale and HO scale trains

If you're looking to build a DCC railroad then HO scale would be better than N scale for ease of setup.

The smaller bodies of N gauge trains mean it's often more difficult to fit the required electrical components needed for DCC operations into the trains. This is much easier in HO gauge locomotives where there's additional space.

That's not to say that there's insufficient N scale DCC trains available, more so that HO scale (or OO scale in the UK) is the more logical choice when you're choosing to build a DCC model train layout.

For more information on DCC trains, see our guide to DC vs DCC model trains where we cover this in greater detail.

Summary of N scale price compared to HO scale

N scale is generally cheaper than HO due to the reduced price of N gauge trains in relation to HO gauge. For two identical model trains in both these gauges the N scale model will usually have the cheaper purchase price, meaning that in the long run N scale will be cheaper than HO.

However, HO scale model trains (as well as their appropriately sized accessories including buildings and figures) are more readily available than their N gauge counterparts, so you should factor this in when making a decision on whether to use HO or N gauge.

DCC is easier with HO scale trains due to the increased space in the bodies of the locomotives for the additional electrical components that are needed. See our DC vs DCC guide for an explanation on the differences between DC and DCC trains.

For additional information on the different types of gauges and scales available for model trains be sure to check out our detailed guide to model train scales which covers this in a comprehensive manner.

Take a look at our article on the best model trains if you're searching for a new HO gauge or N scale train set and are looking for expert advice from our online model train community.

When the Holiday season comes around and the festive time of year fast approaches attention inevitably turns to decorating the Christmas tree.

Many people choose to have a toy train running around the base of their tree, which really sets off their festive decorations and compliments their other Christmas ornaments nicely.

The tradition of running trains around Christmas trees dates back many years and has proved to be a popular modern festive tradition in countless households in recent times.

In this guide we'll take a look at the origins of why people put a train around a Christmas tree and give some recommendations for the best train sets to use for this purpose, as well as for the Holidays in general.

Let's start this guide to train sets for under the Christmas tree by having a look at some of the history behind this tradition and why model trains and the festive season go so well together.

Why do people put a train around a Christmas tree?

Many people decorate their Christmas tree with a festive train set that runs around the base. This has become a popular yuletide tradition in many countries around the world. But how did this tradition start and why do we put trains around the Christmas tree?

Well, the simple answer is that nobody can say with 100% certainty the precise origin of this custom. Many railroad historians believe that the tradition dates back more than 100 years to the early 1900s - right around the time that manufacturer Lionel started producing toy trains.

During this time it's believed that Lionel persuaded the big US department stores to include toy trains in their Christmas displays. This resulted in their train sets being run around the Christmas trees in these stores. It certainly proved to be an astute marketing ploy as the Lionel brand gained a great deal of exposure and the custom has developed into the tradition we know today.

Toy trains have also been a popular Christmas present for many years and children usually open their presents under the tree. Therefore, at the base of a Christmas tree is the natural place for kids to put their train sets.

Let's take a look at some of the best train sets that are perfect for running under a Christmas tree.

Best train set for under the Christmas tree

Lionel The Polar Express Train Set

The best train set to run around the base of the Christmas tree.

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The Lionel Polar Express is the best train set to put around a Christmas tree due to its high level of detail and durability. It's reliable and will last for many years if looked after. It's also easy to store, which is great for when it comes to packing the decorations away.

This train set includes the Polar Express 2-8-4 locomotive and tender, 2 cars, 4 movie figures, power supply and oval track.

The locomotive and rolling stock is highly detailed and it even has Bluetooth technology - meaning it can be controlled from a smartphone or other capable device.

It's a festive hit that's great for the Holiday season as it nicely compliments other Christmas decorations in addition to the tree itself.

Best budget Christmas tree train set

Lionel Christmas Train Set

The best budget Christmas tree train set.

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The Lionel Christmas Train Set is the best budget option if you're looking for a train set to run around the Christmas tree.

This set includes a brightly-colored locomotive that's battery operated and features authentic train sounds and announcements, including a bell and whistle. The train even has a working headlight, which is a very welcome feature.

It's certainly a great budget option. However, the Lionel Polar Express train set would be the better option for most people. It's better value for money due to the increased level of detail and build quality and it includes the more recognizable Polar Express livery.

Harry Potter Christmas train set

Hornby Harry Potter Train Set

A high quality Hogwarts Express model train set that's perfect for the Holiday season.

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If you're a Harry Potter fan you'll already know that the Hogwarts Express and Christmas go hand in hand with the iconic train featuring in snowy festive scenes throughout the movies.

The Hornby Harry Potter train set captures the essence of a magical Christmas and looks great travelling around the base of the tree.

This train set includes the Hogwarts Castle steam locomotive, two passenger cars, track pieces and everything else you'll need to get started using it as a festive train running around the tree.

It's not just a great Christmas train set - it holds a significant advantage over its rivals in that it can be used year-round as well.

If you're interested in Harry Potter trains be sure to check out our guide to Hogwarts Express train sets for more ideas and inspiration.

Coca Cola Christmas train set

Coca Cola Christmas Train Set

A quality Christmas train set from Hornby featuring the iconic Coca Cola livery.

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Another great option for a Christmas tree train set is the Hornby Coca Cola Christmas train set. This has proven to be very popular, particularly with families that have younger children, due to the bright colors of the Coca Cola locomotive and cars being more relatable and festive.

This train set is simple to setup and operate and looks great running around the Christmas tree. The Coca Cola livery is also very smart and has become synonymous with the Holiday season.

The track in this set is also compatible with other Hornby trains, meaning you can add additional track sections to create more complex designs around the Christmas tree, rather than a basic oval shape.

Flying Scotsman Christmas train set

Hornby Flying Scotsman Train Set

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Another potential option for a train set that runs around the Christmas tree is the Hornby Flying Scotsman train set.

This set features the iconic Flying Scotsman locomotive and track that can be made into an oval - perfect for running around the Christmas tree.

The advantage of this set is that it's compatible with other Hornby train sets and track - so it can be used with your other trains when it's not running around the tree during the Holidays. It's also a great beginner train set so is perfect as a Christmas gift as well.

This is certainly a great option due to its versatility, however if you're looking for a more festive train set the Lionel Polar Express would be the better choice.

Can you put a Christmas train set on carpet?

When putting a model train under the Christmas tree it's important to consider the surface that it'll be running on.

It's usually preferable for train sets to run on a smooth flat surface - so wooden or laminate flooring is ideal.

However, it's also possible for Christmas train sets to run on carpet. This will likely depend on the type of carpet and the material that's used, in addition to the thickness.

Try to avoid running train sets directly on thick carpets as these will likely interfere with the operation of the trains and hinder their movement around the tracks.

For the best results, it's advisable to put down a mat or some laminate beforehand in order to minimize any potential reliability issues with your trains and to give a smooth flat surface for the model trains to run on.

Christmas tree train sets summary

Many people put a train set around the Christmas tree as it's an established tradition for the Holidays and complements other festive decorations.

The custom is believed to originate from the early 1900s when manufacturer Lionel started producing their first train sets.

The best train set for running around the base of a Christmas tree is the Lionel Polar Express due to its high build quality and reliability. It also features the iconic festive Polar Express livery, which is great for the Holidays.

For a more generic and versatile train set that can still maintain a Christmas theme the Hornby Flying Scotsman is the recommended option due to its value for money and compatibility with other Hornby products.

In addition to Christmas train sets, we also have guides for the best model trains in a number of other categories. Be sure to check that out - it's essential reading if you're considering purchasing a new train set.

When you've laid down points or switches on a model train layout the next step that you'll want to take is to apply ballast in order to obtain realistic looking tracks.

Ballasting track on a model railroad is usually a straightforward process. However, when we ballast points it can often be a lot more complicated.

We have to be careful to avoid some common pitfalls to ensure that the points operate correctly and trains can run smoothly around the layout.

How does ballasting points differ from applying ballast to other sections of track? To find out how to ballast points easily we'll need to take a look at the basic process for ballasting model train tracks.

Ballasting track

Firstly, let's take a look at the most common method that model railroaders use to apply ballast to normal track. The simplified process goes like this:

1. Sprinkle ballast onto the surface of the track
2. Clear away any excess
3. Spray a solution on top to hold the ballast in place (commonly a solution containing PVA, water and IPA)
4. Apply an adhesive to secure the finish
5. Tidy up

This is a reliable way of adding ballast to regular sections of track and gives consistent results.

However, the process for how to ballast points is slightly different due to a few considerations that we'll take a look at now.

How to ballast points

When ballasting points we have to do things a little differently due to the presence of moving parts and springs that are necessary for the points to operate correctly.

When we ballast points on a model train layout we need to use a more specialized technique to achieve the desired result.

If we were to simply use the same method as we do for normal track, then we run the risk of getting ballast stuck in the point components causing them to malfunction.

Therefore, ballasting points requires a more specialized approach.

Many railroad modellers consider the following method the safest and most suitable way to ballast points. It can be achieved using ballast, some basic PVA glue and a paintbrush.

How to apply ballast to points:

1. Apply PVA glue to the gaps between the sleepers on the points
2. Carefully sprinkle on ballast by hand, making sure to avoid any sensitive areas such as the point mechanism and springs
3. Run your finger along the applied ballast to even out any imperfections and to smooth out the finish
4. Regularly check that the point mechanism still operates correctly during this process
5. Operate the points numerous times to allow any excess ballast to settle.
6. Using a dry paintbrush, clear any ballast that's fallen outside the sleepers or is fouling the point work
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 until the ballast has fully settled.
8. When finished, check that the points operate correctly

This technique has been specifically tailored to ensure reliable results when used on model train points.

The advantage of this method is that it's been proven to work with all the popular model train ballasts and brands including Busch, Javis and Woodland Scenics. It'll even work with certain homemade varieties too.

This makes the technique very versatile and enables points to be ballasted easily and consistently across numerous model railroad layouts, irrespective of the model train scale used.

The key with this method is to always regularly check that the points are operating correctly throughout. This will help prevent reliability issues later on.

Summary of point ballasting

When looking at how to ballast points it's important to take a different approach compared to ballasting normal track.

The process for applying ballast to points starts with applying PVA glue to the gaps between the sleepers, carefully sprinkling ballast on top by hand, smoothing out imperfections, and clearing any excess using a dry paintbrush.

When you've finished applying ballast to points it's important to always check that they are operating correctly to ensure the smooth operation of trains on your layout.

Once you've applied ballast to points you'll want to follow the best practice for building other model railroad scenery elements as well as following the recommended cleaning methods. For more information, see our model scenery guides for model railroads in addition to our maintenance and cleaning tips.

Model rail enthusiasts across the globe will be familiar with Hornby Trains. The company has been manufacturing model trains for over 120 years, having been founded in 1901, and produces some of the most desirable locomotives on the market.

Hornby manufacture a range of extremely popular model trains that cater for a wide range of age groups, experience levels and interests. So, there's certainly an abundance of choice for model train collectors to consider.

With such an extensive catalogue of model trains having been produced over many years, some old Hornby trains are potentially worth significant sums of money. But how do we determine how much they're worth and what are the factors that influence this?

In this article, we'll take a look and see if old Hornby trains are valuable and whether they're worth anything significant.

Are old Hornby trains valuable?

Old Hornby trains can certainly be very valuable and may be worth significant sums depending on their condition, year of manufacture and how desirable they are to collectors. Trains that are in mint condition with the original packaging included are worth significantly more than the average model train.

The biggest factors that affect the desirability of old Hornby trains are the state of the locomotive itself and whether the original packaging, box and manuals are included. The condition of any packaging plays a key role in helping to preserve value in an old Hornby train.

If you have an old limited edition Hornby train set then that's likely to be worth substantially more than a standard train set due to being more desirable among collectors.

The following are some of the main factors that contribute to the value of an old Hornby model train:

• Overall condition of the model
• Age of the model train - when was it manufactured?
• Whether the train has a good history of maintenance
• Whether the original box and packaging are included and in a good condition
• The inclusion of any supporting documentation, such as proof of purchase or original paperwork
• Whether the product is a special edition or from a limited run
• Historical provenance - does the train have any interesting history or story behind it?

These are the main areas that directly affect the value of an old Hornby train and what it could potentially be worth on the secondhand market.

Let's take a look at some examples.

A relatively modern model train, say 10 - 15 years old, in average condition will probably not be worth any more than $100 - $200.

However, a limited edition run of a rare Hornby model train that's in an excellent condition with the original box and packaging included is going to fetch significantly more - sometimes up to $4000 if it's super desirable.

What is the rarest Hornby train?

One of the rarest and most sought-after Hornby trains is the Princess Elizabeth Boxed Set which was sold from 1937 - 1941.

This is was a highly impressive and detailed O gauge locomotive and represented Hornby's first attempt to scale modelling. As a result, it's highly desired by model train enthusiasts and collectors.

It's based on the real world LMS Princess Royal Class locomotive, number 6201 Princess Elizabeth. The locomotive has been preserved following withdrawal from BR and actually hauled the Royal Train in 2012.

Depending on the condition, the Hornby model of Princess Elizabeth can be expected to fetch between $3000 - $5000 at auction.

How to value an old Hornby model train

If you're looking to get an old Hornby model train valued then you have a couple of options.

The quickest and easiest method is to look at secondhand auction websites, such as eBay, to see what similar items have been sold for.

Enter the applicable details for your Hornby train including the specific model number, variant, condition and year of manufacture. It's important to search for the exact model to ensure you get accurate results.

Simply take a look at the prices of the items that come up in order to get an approximate idea of what your old Hornby train could be worth.

The second method is to get an appraisal carried out by a specialist model train retailer or valuer. There'll be more experienced with valuing such items and will likely have access to more information and knowledge of current market conditions. This method is more suitable for high value rarer trains rather than the more common products that are readily available.

Conclusion

The most important factor that influences the value of an old Hornby train is the general condition that it's in. Model trains that have been carefully looked after and are in mint condition are going to be worth significantly more than those in an average state.

There are also a number of other factors that influence how much an old Hornby train set is worth. These include whether the original box and packaging are included, whether supporting documentation is available, the age of the model train and whether it's part of a limited run or special edition line. If the train has historical provenance associated with it then this is going to increase the value too.

The two most common methods for valuing an old Hornby model train are searching secondhand marketplaces (e.g. eBay) for similar items and checking the prices they've sold for, or using a specialist model train appraiser to get a more accurate valuation.

If you're looking to sell your train, be sure to check out our guide on how to sell Hornby model trains for more information and tips on the best methods to use.

To get an idea of the current market for model trains, we've produced a comprehensive comparison of the most popular models. Check out our guide to the best train sets for additional information on the most suitable train sets for today.

If you're looking to create a model railroad with variety, interest and realism, then you'll likely want to incorporate hills and gradients into the track layout.

Having model trains running around a basic track design is great, but if the tracks are flat with no inclines then it can significantly limit the variety and realism of the experience and will likely get boring very quickly.

However, constructing model train inclines is not simply a case of raising some track up to the desired height and running with it.

Careful consideration of the areas that make up the gradient (run, rise and grade) need to be taken into account when designing track plans. We also need to consider the fact that trains are not very good at climbing gradients. Let's take a look.

Why can't trains go uphill?

Trains are inherently bad at climbing gradients.

The percentage of a train wheel that comes into contact with the railhead is very small. This means that the traction available for climbing a gradient is comparatively small.

If the grade is too steep there'll be insufficient traction to compete with the opposing force of the drag of the locomotive. This can result in the train stopping or rolling back downhill.

As railroad modellers, there are a number of areas that we need to consider in order to achieve reliable and efficient gradient climbs.

Wheel gauge, locomotive clearance, track curvature, adjustment and alignment of couplings, and weight adherence of rolling stock are all areas that potentially affect the reliability and efficiency of model train gradients.

However, the most fundamental point that we need to take into account is the most efficient and reliable percentage grade of climb for a model train.

What's the steepest grade a model train can climb?

When building model railroads we need to know the steepest grade that the trains can climb.

Model railroad gradients are made up of the rise (the change in vertical height from the start to the end of the gradient), run (the horizontal distance from the start of the grade to the end), and the grade (the incline that determines the rate at which model trains are able to travel to a higher or lower level).

Model railroad gradients should be carefully designed so that trains can climb these inclines reliably and in the most efficient manner whilst taking these values into account.

To enable us to achieve this as modellers, we need to follow some industry recommended guidelines.

The widely accepted maximum gradient for a model train is 1 in 30 (3.33%), however many modellers recommend not exceeding a grade of 1 in 40 (2.5%) in order to achieve reliable running.

Keeping to these incline restrictions will ensure the model locomotives are able to efficiently climb the gradients on your layout.

Calculating model train gradients

So, just how do you calculate the percent grade required for your model trains?

To help you work this out we've created a handy online model train incline calculator tool that takes values for the run and the rise and calculates the percentage grade for you.

You can also calculate this manually by using a special model train incline formula - we cover how to do this in our guide to model train gradients, so be sure to check that out.

Summary of model train inclines

The steepest gradient that a model train can climb is 1 in 30 (3.33%).

However, experienced railroad modellers recommend not exceeding an incline of 1 in 40 (2.5%) to ensure consistent reliability and efficient climbing.

You can work out model train gradients by using our simple incline calculator tool or by calculating manually using the incline formula.